The Covid–19 pandemic has had a significant impact on many aspects of human activity all over the world. On the positive side, the  pandemic created many opportunities for the development of technology, enabling innovative forms of indirect human interaction. However, such advancement also creates gaps in the law as progress surpasses legal reform. Over the past few years, many examples of state authorities and others unlawfully using digital surveillance to spy on, intimidate, threaten or silence activists or to locate, detain, or imprison them (Amnesty International, 2018) Nowadays, inequality has becomes more extreme and disparities have increased in social, gender, political, cultural, spatial, environmental, and knowledge spheres as well.

The curtailment of the fundamental rights of millions of people gives rise to disproportionate and unnecessary hardships, amid censorship and surveillance (Chiozza and King, 2022). A lack of guarantees for citizen’s human rights also reveals systemic vulnerabilities, for example in the fields of welfare, health, public services, finance, resilient ecology, decent living and employment, a lack of inclusive governance Leach et al., 2021).

Covid–19 also demonstrated how democracy is imperfectly organized (IDEA, 2021). In the name of the need for emergency action, community involvement is often neglected in the formation of policies. Freedom of expression was the aspect of democracy most at risk prior to the outbreak of the pandemic (IDEA, 2021), as well as the increase in the potential for authoritarianism (Leach, et al., 2021).

The threats and challenges of Covid–19 to social group equality are important to highlight, throughout the process of formulating and implementing policies. Women and other vulnerable groups—such as children, migrants, disabled people, and ethnic, sexual and religious minorities—have faced discrimination in accessing justice across the world, following the enforcement of Covid–19 regulations (IDEA, 2021).

In other hand, massive technological development has thus far not been optimally used to fulfill human rights, democracy, and the enforcement of social justice. The important question to address next, therefore, is whether these conditions will continue into the post–pandemic era. It also worth noting that the pandemic is not a short–term condition: rather it requires people to be able to live alongside Covid–19 with the eventual aim of normalization. In order to create this post–pandemic era, there needs to be in–depth discussion to rethink the paradigm of legal development for the past, present and future (Leach, et al., 2021). Similarly, it is important to evaluate policies and actions that were implemented; what is the right approach in developing regulations on democracy, human rights, and social justice; what changes need to be made to the current underlying legal framework in the post–pandemic period; and what needs to be improved to address future challenges, threats and opportunities.